Typhoid In Africa

Typhoid in Africa is not necessarily a diarrhoeal disease. When it does occur it often presents with cold or flu-type symptoms.

Typhoid is a bacterial infection of the digestive tract, caused by gram-negative bacillus Salmonella typhi. It is spread by faecal-oral route via contaminated food and water from an infected human carrier. Typhoid is often transmitted by person-to-person contact, especially via food handlers.
Typhoid is present in Africa, with undeveloped areas being of a higher risk.
Vaccination (injectable or oral) for travel to risk areas should be considered. Vaccination against both Hepatitis A and Typhoid combined is also available for travellers, as the two diseases have a similar epidemiology and share some transmission routes.
As vaccination does not offer 100% protection, avoiding potentially contaminated food and drink is essential.
Food precautions - avoid reheated or stored food, avoid shellfish, raw fish, raw vegetables, raw meat and salads. You hunting camp catering should be fine as food items will have been washed and prepared correctly. Food precautions are advised in places where you don't know the hygiene standards like street cafes and street vendors.
Water precautions - take care to wash food. Be cautious about having ice in your drink in places where you can't judge the hygiene standards. In a hunting camp the ice will be made from bottled water and cooking is done with bottled water. Take care where you choose to swim - only go in pools that are clean and well-maintained.
Hand cleanliness - wash and dry hands before holding food or hold food with a clean implement. Avoid bringing your hands near your mouth unless they are clean.